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(2016). Another study on the Pakistan case proposed by Alam et al. In the estimation of long-run coefficients, the CUP-FM estimator was used and this method is based on the following regression, where \({\widehat{\lambda }}_{i}^{^{\prime}}\) refers to the estimated factor loadings and \(\hat{y}_{{i,t}}^{ + } = y_{{i,t}} - \left( {\lambda _{i} ^{\prime } \hat{\Omega }_{{F \in i}} + \hat{\Omega }_{{\mu \in i}} } \right)\hat{\Omega }_{{ \in i}}^{{ - 1}} {{\Delta }}x_{{i,t}}\) indicates the transformation of the dependent variable for endogeneity correction. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) consist of 8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 related indicators covering a wide spectrum of development areas such as End Poverty and Hunger (MDG 1), Universal Education (MDG 2), Gender Equality (MDG 3), Child Health (MDG 4), Maternal Health (MDG 5), Combat HIV/AIDS (MDG 6), Environmental Sustainability (MDG 7), and Global Partnership (MDG 8). As we see, three of the goals are directly associated with the health status of the people. Love, J. L. (1980). These results are contradictory to positive views on the role of globalization in public health. Besides being one of the indicators of development, it is one of the determinants of human capital formation which is necessary for economic development. \({V}_{Tij}\), \({\mu }_{Tij}\), and \({\widehat{\rho }}_{ij},\) respectively, represent variance, mean, and the correlation between cross section units. Review of International Economics, 16(3), 516536. According to Freedom Houses list of electoral democracies, the countries without electoral democracy are mostly the low-income countries in the Middle East, North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia (Freedom House 2019). Our empirical work also supports the evidence of Bergh and Nilsson (2010) in terms of positive effect of economic globalization on life expectancy. As the literature is divided into two parts about the effects of globalization on human well-being, fresh evidence via robust estimation methods is required in order to provide proper policy implications. An economist explains the pros and cons of globalization To fill this gap, our work provides second-generation estimations. Competition Competition in the market is largely due to globalization. Deaton, A. Globalization, the positive and negative effects of Globalization. KOF Globalization Index. Corrections? Our results confirms the findings of Owen and Wu (2007), Ali and Audi (2016), and Shahbaz et al. Expanding on the concept of Davos culture, sociologist Peter L. Berger observed that the globalization of Euro-American academic agendas and lifestyles has created a worldwide faculty cluban international network of people who share similar values, attitudes, and research goals. There is a long-run relationship between life expectancy, globalization, democracy, and GDP per capita. This is because globalization enables economies to compete fairly at all levels, hence attracting investors. In some cases, this may contribute to improved health by enabling a more varied and healthier diet; in others, it is blamed for increases in unhealthy food consumption and diabetes.DownsidesNot everything about globalization is beneficial. Therefore, in order to determine the existence of a long-run relationship, we applied Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) panel cointegration test. Following this study, Or (2000) analyzed the determinants of health outcomes in 21 industrialized OECD countries covering the period 19701992. Cutler, D., Deaton, A., & Lleras-Muney, A. As expected, poverty rates significantly reduced in the last two decades because of the integration of developing economies to global markets (Harrison 2006). https://kof.ethz.ch/en/forecasts-and-indicators/indicators/kof-globalisation-index.html (Access Date: December, 2019). While the increases in this indicator represent a more democratic regime, the decreases represent a more autocratic regime. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. (2019). The Impact of Globalization on the Security Environment - ResearchGate Finally, GDP per capita growth improves health status of countries. Challenges to national sovereignty and identity, Anti-globalism movements and the Internet, Borrowing and translating popular culture, https://www.britannica.com/science/cultural-globalization, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Cultural syndromes in the era of globalization, Social Science LibreTexts - Globalization. 2006). In their recent study, Shahbaz et al. Globalization has long been used by the automotive industry, for instance, where different parts of a car may be manufactured in different countries. The role of political globalization on this point is forcing governments to adopt global institutions. To prevent serial correlation, the regression must be augmented with lagged first differences of both \({y}_{it}\) and \({\stackrel{-}{y}}_{t}\) as follows: After the calculation of CADF statistics for each cross section (\({CADF}_{i}\)), Pesaran (2007) calculates the CIPS statistic as average of CADF statistics. This method is based on the following equation, where \({n}_{ij}\) is an independent and identically distributed process with zero mean and var(\({n}_{ij})\)=\({{\sigma }_{i}}^{2}\). MPRA Working Paper, No. First, we provide a new perspective in the context of sustainable development goals. Compared to theoretical discussions, previous literature provides a lack of empirical evidence. After the deadline of MDGs, the United Nations has announced 17 SDGs, and Good Health and Well-Being takes its place as the third goal. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(3), 516546. Another global subgroup comprises cosmopolitans who nurture an intellectual appreciation for local cultures. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 795805. The calculation of the test statistic of Swamys model is given in Eq. The main question of our study is to determine whether the problem of low life expectancy in low-income countries is due to the low levels of globalization and weak political institutions in these countries. This is because globalization has led to reduced costs of goods and increased trade. These include improving international resource mobility, helping developing countries to attain debt sustainability, promoting the transfer of information and technology between developed and developing countries, an open and rule-based free trade system, encouraging publicprivate and civil society partnerships, increasing transparency and accountability, and high quality and reliable data (United Nations 2019). OECD Economic Studies, 1, 5378. POSITIVE IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION 1. (1970). 2011). The first one blames globalization and argues that poverty and as a result of this, low life expectancy derives from the inequality created by globalization itself (Buss 2002). 1229). Sustainable development from millennium 2015 to Sustainable Development Goals 2030. CESifo Working Paper (No. There are approaches known as the unequal exchange that globalization increases inequality among countries and that developed countries are more profitable from the globalization process (Love, 1980). Globalization is a process of growing exchange, interaction and integration between people, governments and private organizations across the globe. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to investigate whether two sustainable development goals (SDGs) of the UN are contradictory or supporting each other in low-income countries. In addition, democracy is an important tool in achieving the goal of a healthy society, as it fosters accountability, transparency, and partnership between governments and the societies they rule. You cannot download interactives. If the calculated LM statistic is below the critical value, the null of cointegration will be accepted. In the context of sustainable development goals, our results show that there is no conflict between SDG3 (good health and well-being) and SDG17 (partnerships for the goals). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first study that investigates the relationship between SDG3 and SDG17. Thus, the attention of politicians can be attracted to the problems of the poor. Globalization is most often used in an economic context, but it also affects and is affected by politics and culture. Socially, globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas and cultures, contributing to a world view in which people are more open and tolerant of one another. The impact of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy on life expectancy in low-income countries: are sustainable development goals contradictory? Pesaran and Yamagata (2008) proposed a method to examine slope heterogeneity in panel data analysis based on the Swamy (1970)s random coefficient model. Patterson and Veenstra (2016) concluded that electoral democracies provide better health conditions compared to other countries. \({\stackrel{\sim }{Z}}_{it}\)=k and \(Var\left({\stackrel{\sim }{Z}}_{it}\right)=2k(T-k-1)/T+1\). Achieving economic development or increasing the level of welfare depends on achieving and sustaining the main objectives in political, economic, and social areas. What is globalization? Positive and Negative Effects of - Marketing91 Polity IV Project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 18002002: Dataset users manual. Indeed, the working conditions of people at some points in the supply chain are deplorable. Product sales To improve the health conditions of a country, the welfare of the poor should be improved as well. The results show that a 1% increase in globalization index increases life expectancy %0.014 and %0.015 according to CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators, respectively. Positive and Negative Impacts of Globalization Google Scholar. It may also increase domestic income inequality. Fixed effects estimation results reveal a significant negative relationship between public health expenditure and women's premature death. Propelled by the efficiency or appeal of wireless communications, electronic commerce, popular culture, and international travel, globalization has been seen as a trend toward homogeneity that will eventually make human experience everywhere essentially the same. Therefore, economic development and improvement of health conditions represent a two-way process. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 1350813525 (2021). Empirical results show democracy has a significant positive impact on life expectancy and it reduces infant mortality. Australian Economic Papers, 58(4), 444479. (2006). First, increased urban population and sedentary lifestyles may enhance prepared food consumption and reduce daily movements which result in rising obesity and diabetes (Hu 2011). Previous studies mostly focused on how to achieve SDGs, while possible conflicts between the goals were mostly ignored especially in the context of health. CAS Any change has winners and losers, and the people living in communities that had been dependent on jobs outsourced elsewhere often suffer. Determinants of life expectancy in developing countries. The result is a collection of elite groups whose unifying ideals transcend geographical limitations. The International journal of health planning and management, 31(4), 511536. 5. It has been observed in the literature that possible contradictions between these goals are ignored. In Eq. Google Scholar. This method considers cross-sectional dependence and provides robust results in small samples (Westerlund and Edgerton, 2007). Since the start of civilization, people have traded goods with their neighbors. While cooperation between different countries requires globalization in the economic, social, and political fields, democracy is the way to ensure cooperation between governments and societies. According to Trading Economics (2016) the unemployment rate in Spain is close to 25% in recent years, which would increase the pressure to the local labor market. New England journal of medicine, 365(6), 493505. The stata journal, 6(4), 482496. The findings obtained from our study show that economic, social, and political integration of countries and democracy accelerate the process of achieving a healthier society. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) suggested following LM test in order to test the null of cointegration. As the standard of living increased, more children of poor families left work and attended school.Consumers benefit too. Poverty is detrimental to access to health services. Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, Arif Eser Guzel,Unal Arslan&Ali Acaravci, You can also search for this author in Effects of Globalization - The Balance \({\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }}_{adj}\) is a bias-adjusted version of \(\stackrel{\sim }{\Delta }\). According to the results, the globalization index and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization are important instruments to achieve a healthier society. The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. Chudik A, & Pesaran, MH (2013) Large panel data models with cross-sectional dependence: a survey. volume23,pages 1350813525 (2021)Cite this article. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. At the same time, innovations in information technology enable immediate communication and the rapid transfer of financial assets across national borders. Article Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. However, this assumption is hard to satisfy due to rising economic, social, and political integration between countries. 4. (1999). Advantages of Globalization 1. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Diabetes Care, 34(6), 12491257. Is democracy good for health? Journal of cleaner production, 212, 11661178. In the analysis of unit root, constant and trend terms are both considered at level, while only constant term is added at first difference. (2004) and Besley and Kudamatsu (2006). In general, globalization has been shown to increase the standard of living in developing countries, but some analysts warn that globalization can have a negative effect on local or emerging economies and individual workers. Tausch, A. However, it was emphasized that some sub-goals should be realized in order to reach this goal. However, some countries still suffer from poor adaption to global markets. Such conflicts between sustainable development goals in the literature have mostly focused on the impact of economic growth and globalization on the sustainable environment (Ulucak and Bilgili 2018; Zafar et al. Positive And Negative Impacts Of Globalization On Culture China is a prime example of a country that has benefited immensely from globalization. Among the macrotrends listed, businesses predict the strongest net job-creation effect to be driven by investments that facilitate the green transition of businesses, the broader application of ESG standards and supply chains becoming more localized, albeit with job growth offset by . It employs as many as four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. Second, the panel data analyses are based on the first-generation estimators that assume cross-sectional independence. Globalization is defined for individuals as their connectivity in global networks. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. Barlow and Vissandjee (1999) examined the determinants of life expectancy with cross-sectional data available in 1990 for 77 developed and developing countries. Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (2015). It requires cooperation between governments and societies. PDF The Social Impact of Globalization in the Developing Countries The human rights approach focuses on how globalization affected disadvantaged people worldwide (Chapman 2009). The results are shown in Table 4.