Duke mentioned that he would love to play Puck, []. gantry Robert J. Higgs. WebElmer Gantry. Elmer Gantry is a role and a character as big as he is, and Lancaster puts his whole back into it. Falconer gives of herself throughout the film to help her congregants, often going outside her comfort zone to preach to angry crowds and secure the donations she sees as a necessary evil for the continuance of her sermons. The main purpose of the picaresque novel (a modern example of which is Saul Bellows The Adventures of Augie March), is satire. WebA second-division British psychedelic band with a tangled history, Elmer Gantry & the Velvet Opera recorded a couple of albums in the Pink Floyd/Soft Machine/Tomorrow/Nice mold in the late '60s without coming close to establishing a solid identity of their own. Before long, he marries Cleo Benham, the choir director, but finds her an unenthusiastic lover. It may be that the essential lesson which Lewiss experience of America taught him was that the barriers to education, self-discovery, and fulfillment were formidably guarded by exploiters and cranks: thus his anger; thus his satire. Gantry maintains friendships with most pastors in Zenith but loathes Philip McGarry, a pastor in a poor neighborhood who has been a friend and mentor to Shallard. The movie was not just a group of scenes depicting sex and violence. Part of a tipper lorry became wedged underneath a gantry in a crash on the M5 on Thursday, 2 March. Elmer Gantry subtitles. Yet through it all, he is awarded ecclesiastical advancement, even though he barely escapes ruin at the conclusion of the novel when one of his secretaries, Hettie Dowler, tries to blackmail him. Elmer Gantry, then, is notable as the book in which Lewis moved religion to the center of his critique of American values and declared it to have failed. WebI Am Legend Ending Explained: The Ending We Got (And The One We Didn't) 27 November 2022 Slash Film The Magnificent Seven Wasn't Working Until It Added That Unforgettable Score 19 November 2022 Slash Film IMDb.com, Inc. takes no responsibility for the content or accuracy of the above news articles, Tweets, or blog posts. Many of the people attending the revivals would then be working-class individuals. Gaining and keeping followers is the key to the success of any religion, and religious leaders must recognize this and figuratively, though sometimes literally, sell the religion. Nevertheless, it is soon apparent that he has gone too far; to him, Christianity is not only untrue, but inconceivable. He preaches at the service that gets Elmer converted. WebFull IPTV List channels worldwide With 20000 channels + 40000 Movie and series. One such incident (chapter 2, section 3) is when the pious but not very bright Eddie Fislinger is outwitted by Jim Leffertss atheist father for the amusement of Jim and Elmer. He has an affair with female evangelist Sharon Falconer, which ends with her death in a flaming tabernacle. Think about how Jim would view Elmer, and how he might react to what Elmer says. Although it's difficult to know if Gantry's spiritual motivation is genuine or merely a ploy, throughout the film, one is kept guessing. Singer Patti Page in her first film role, with Burt Lancaster, in "Elmer Gantry", Opening title of "Elmer Gantry" (1960), directed by Richard Brooks, Richard Brooks directs Burt Lancaster and Shirley Jones in "Elmer Gantry", Jean Simmons & Lancaster: Italian movie poster for "Elmer Gantry", Shirely Jones (2nd from left) & Lancaster (far right), with Oscars, 1961, Lancaster as Elmer Gantry: "When I was a child, I understood as a child", Rosy Simas of Rosy Simas Danse is Haudenosaunee, Seneca, Heron Clan. Nashville Opera production directed by John Hoomes, conducted by William Boggs. She is certainly not the saintly evangelist she presents herself to be, and she maintains a smug sense of superiority over the common folk she seeks to save. His mind was shaped most of all by his souvenirs of his travel-adventures. you have to deal with a lot of these two-by-four hick preachers with churches about the size of woodsheds and getting maybe eleven hundred a year, and yet they think they have the right to make suggestions! At their next revival, the tent catches fire and kills a hundred people, including Sharon, but Gantry climbs over trapped women and escapes. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Copyright 2022 The University of Alabama ." He sees her as a conquest. According to Brooks, He [Lewis] confessed that he really loved Elmer, the big bum, and hated only what he stood for; but half-way through the novel he had been carried away, and turned on his character and demolished him.. WebThis count will explain the meaning of Macrons declaration that peace, security, and stability in Europe, and in the Ukraine, are for Europeans to agree with Russia. During his final year he is restless and bored, but he is given a Sunday appointment at a country church in Schoenheim, eleven miles away, with Frank Shallard as his assistant. I can't say I've ever seen anything quite like it. Frank Shallard is a student at Mizpah Theological Seminary, but he doubts the literal truth of the Bible. After various forays into evangelism, he becomes a successful Methodist minister despite his hypocrisy and serial sexual indiscretions.[1]. The English novelist and playwright Matthew Gregory Lewis (1775-1818), known as Monk Lewis, a popular wri, Lewis, Wyndham Meanwhile, Hettie turns out to be a married woman who, with her husband, tries to blackmail Elmer. You're all doomed to perdition. Happiness is the key to success. Modern, yet extreme examples of this include ISIS, a violent terrorist organization that is somehow able to recruit privileged teens from Western countries, and the Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ, which used liberal ideology to attract minorities and young people. A typical picaresque narrative chronicles the exploits of a rogue, an immoral but not criminal character who lives by his wits. In a very Elmer Gantry moment, starting at 2:54, after singing the Lord gave us two good hands, brothers and sisters, one for the givin and one for the takin, They had a son, Michael, in 1930, the same year that Lewis became the first American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature. Ferguson, Charles W., Review of Elmer Gantry, in Critical Essays on Sinclair Lewis, edited by Martin Bucco, G. K. Hall, 1986, pp. McGarry is accused by the fundamentalists of heresy, and he does not seem to accept the traditional dogmas of the Methodist Church: [T]he only dogma he was known to give out positively was the leadership of Jesusas to whose divinity he was indefinite.. He is a well-educated Englishman in his early thirties with a colorful past. Mrs. Gantry is Elmers mother. She cries out, Oh, dont! Gantry becomes her lover, but loses both her and his position when she is killed in a fire at her new tabernacle. You're all doomed to perdition! Gantry introduces savvy business practices to Sharons ministry and manipulative psychology to the services themselves, and Sharon becomes wealthy as a result. Shallard attempts to stand against Gantrys attempts to destroy him, but eventually he resigns from his pulpit. It seems unlikely that Lancasters character would risk immolation for her. He returns to it in the context of Sharons revival meetings. Wallace Umstead is a student Mizpah Theological Seminary who becomes the secretary of the Zenith Y.M.C.A. The public has the power to end the careers of Falconer However, these were exercises in popular, rather than literary, fiction. Elmer despises him. Then she performed a miracle cure and How long would a drunkard listen to the counsel of one who had never been inside a saloon? Four men and two women crawled about a pillar, barking like dogs, barking the devil out of the tree.. A modernist movement, led by such preachers as Harry Emerson Fosdick and reinforced by the essays that appeared in The Christian Century, was concerned with making the church more of a live option for the intellectual and the sophisticated city dweller. Reverend Andrew Pengilly is the old pastor of the Catawba Methodist Church. In his preparation for the ministry, it is ironic that Elmer plagiarizes his first (and most frequently useful) sermon from the social reformer Robert G. Ingersoll: Love is the only bow on lifes dark cloud. Elmer of course towers above everyone else in the novel. The preacher tries to warn him off. 'Until the nineteenth century, actors were classed as Rogues & Vagrants. He is tested by temptation and almost capitulates, but is then wrongly accused by the jilted temptress. Named himself in honour of the character in the Burt Lancaster movie Elmer Gantry. https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/elmer-gantry, "Elmer Gantry Tries to give the kid a break. He is friendly but self-important; everyone thinks he is popular, but in fact he has almost no friends. With Jim (who is more skeptical and quick-witted than Gantry) home sick in bed, Gantry attends the meeting with his mother and is converted. But soon the church tightens its grip on him; and for Elmer, there is no possibility of lighting out for the territory. There are glimmers of this in Sister Sharon Falconer, like when she admits that she knows Gantry is lying but allows him to continue preaching because she believes it is for the greater good. He is a worldly man and gives Elmer some shrewd advice about how to build up the church. Gantry is bored by school, but Shallard is drawn to a professor who eventually confesses his atheism to Shallard. WebElmer Gantry is a fast-talking, hard-drinking traveling salesman who always has a risqu story and a hip flask to entertain cronies and customers alike. Gantrys beliefs are left ambiguous, as are his motives for evangelizing. TAKE NOTE: The films opening title sequence includes this advice: Due to the highly controversial nature of this film, we strongly urge you to prevent impressionable children from seeing it!, You can read the full Sinclair Lewis novel Elmer Gantry online at Project Gutenberg Australia, here:http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300851h.html, You might want to watch some Patti Pagemaybe Whatever Lola Wants, here:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSsH_i6xpf8. It shines upon the cradle of the babe, and sheds its radiance upon the quiet tomb As Elmers career begins its ascent, we learn something more of the images which fill his mind: For all his slang, his cursing, his mauled plurals and singulars, Elmer had been compelled in college to read certain books, to hear certain lectures, all filled with flushed, florid polysyllables, with juicy sentiments about God, sunsets, the moral improvement inherent in a daily view of mountain scenery, angels, fishing for souls, fishing for fish, ideals, patriotism, democracy . During his career, Gantry contributes to the downfall, physical injury, and even death of key people around him, including a sincere minister, Frank Shallard, who is plagued by doubt. In a career spanning more than 50 years, she has played a variety of He calls out to God for help. Jim observes his defeat from his bed, laid ill with a bug no doubt divinely-sent. And even if you saw the big sign outside, you probably wouldn't know that this is specifically an Ethiopian restaurant, and a very good one. Interviewing key stakeholders in the company, gathering and organizing information, analyzing data and preparing reports that summarize finding. In the novel, when Elmer takes up his first appointment in a small-town Methodist church, one of the first questions the fundamentalist trustees asks him is, Do any monkeying with this higher criticism? Against the tide of modernist thought that included science and secularism, fundamentalists insisted on the truth of their core doctrines, including the virgin birth, the physical resurrection of Jesus, the atonement, the infallibility of the Scriptures, and the second coming of Christ. Thats Elmer Gantry. He wont harm you! Elmer joins the Methodists and is sent to the small town of Banjo Crossing, where he falls in love with Cleo Benham, the daughter of a church trustee. I love the big onesmurder, lust, cruelty, ambition! She invites Elmer to visit the old Falconer place in Virginia, but when they arrive, she confesses that she is really just Katie Jonas, born in Utica, whose father worked in a brickyard. Transforming the community and its residents is the main goal of Northside food system organizers, who are using food as a tool to aid in that transformation. He becomes so successful that he becomes indispensable to Sister Sharon's roadshow. Novels for Students. 3D Printer - Discovering the Four-Laser SLM 500 HL 3D Printer Sharon Falconer is an equally striking example of his satiric power. During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there were many evangelists, like Elmer and Sharon Falconer in the novel, who traveled around the country conducting revival campaigns for large audiences. Once Gantry accuses the city government of protecting the brothels and drug dealers, he becomes one of the most powerful men in Zenith. As a preacher, he shamelessly plays on peoples emotions and their fear of Hell. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. It tells of people in troubled times trying to sort out life's essential challenges. The Reverend McGarry tells Frank simply to accept the church with all its imperfectionswith its Gantrysand turn to giving hope and comfort to the piteous human beings who come to the church for help. When Gantry is framed as a philanderer, both Falconer and Gantry endure the wrath of an angry public in Zenith, but are quickly restored to their pedestals upon a retraction. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. Dinner at the Governors Ball with Eddie Fisher. The attendants give her their money, she leaves after a short period of time, and then the attendants are no better off and short on money. I am not going to explain the Scriptures. Opposition to the movement was vicious; Fosdick was ousted from his New York pulpit, and in the Bible Belt and the deep south, fundamentalism cranked itself up into a powerful machine that found expression through anti-evolution measures volumes of blue laws, and the Ku Klux Klan. 4748; originally published in the Bookman, March 1927. She is looking to work in Applied Business Anthropology. I believe! Some while later Shallard goes on a lecture tour to speak against fundamentalism. Then read chapter 30, section 5, where Jim reappears. Some found it repugnant and accused Lewis of grossly distorting his subject matter. At the end of the novel, Elmer is on bended knee, praying, We shall yet make these United States moral nation! The irony in Elmers last statement underscores the immorality of the kind of enforced morality Elmer has in mind. For the most part, he does not create complex human portraits but caricatures. After exposing the professors secret, Gantry receives an anonymous gift of thirty dimes, which he uses to buy photographs of strippers. 11744. If a satirist depicts the object of his satire as based on humbug, advocated by humbug, and defended by humbug, he must employ a great deal of wit and fantasy to prevent his attack from seeming cross-grained and peevish. She is of the occult; she is a witch. Ad Locust is a traveling salesman for the Pequot Farm Implement Company who befriends Elmer on the train to Monarch. Given, too, that the film's production was 1960, we can say that "Elmer Gantry" does not reflect the current, 21st century, state of religious fundamentalism in America. Mel Gibson aside, you don't expect to see a sympathetic portrayal of religion in the movies; from 'Night of the Hunter' onwards, the dodgy preacher has been a more common character than the saintly one, and there's another kicking for the born-again movement in 'Elmer Gantry'. Elmer Gantry is as lost as those who followed in the tent revivals that swept the country during hard times. Indeed, why doesnt he? The bill had always been defeated, but it was gaining more votes in every session [407408]. Lulu becomes devoted to Elmer but he gets bored with her. What has educated Elmer (a few books, oratory, sermons, tracts, hymns, and a smattering of a college education) must be ridiculed in order to purge it from the land. He is coerced into becoming a minister because his family, his town, and his college are so tightly structured around the church. While managing to cover up certain sexual indiscretions, he is thrown out of the seminary before completing his BD because he is too drunk to turn up at a church where he is supposed to preach. He has an affair with his secretary, who then tries to blackmail him, and only escapes ruin because he has a clever lawyer. Edward A. Martin, "The Mimic as Artist: Sinclair Lewis". Where she is quiet and gentle with her manner of preaching, he is all fire and brimstone, literally throwing himself about the audience and inflaming them into repentance. Elmer He cribs some passages from a book and then gives a rousing sermon. At Sparta, Elmer gains statewide fame for his sensational sermons denouncing drinking and other sins. I have long felt that Burt Lancaster often made movies great because his acting was much bigger-than-life, and he also helped degrade a few movies for this very same reason. William Donninger Styles is a rich businessman in Zenith. Source: James Lundquist, Moralities for a New Time, in Sinclair Lewis, Frederick Ungar Publishing, 1973, pp. When he teams up with evangelist Sister Falconer, he sells religion from a tent to 1920's America, helping Falconer with her aim of getting out of the tent into her own temple and building a proper congregation. Gantry threatens to avenge him but takes no action. Schorer discusses Lewiss research for the novel, including the clergyman he met in Kansas City. Web1. It is not so much that he does not believe in God. She was reported missing after swimming off Venice Beach, California, turning up five weeks later in Mexico, claiming she had been kidnapped. One admirable character, Frank Shallard, makes an essentially quixotic response to Elmer and his deceits. A lady runs by Elmer in a blue jacket, and her jacket is on fire. | Starring Shirley Jones Arthur Kennedy Burt Lancaster Patti Page Jean Simmons. International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, "Elmer Gantry, a Flawed Preacher for the Ages", "The Censorship Crusade: A Story For Banned Books Week | Americans United", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elmer_Gantry&oldid=1142298283, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, A 1970 Broadway musical adaptation, titled. In Bible stories, in the words of the great hymns, in the anecdotes which the various preachers, quoted, he had his only knowledge of literature. Lewis exercises his bitterness against the failures of the church by making the church itself accountable for Elmers being no better educated. WebWhen hedonistic but charming con man Elmer Gantry (Burt Lancaster) meets the beautiful Sister Sharon Falconer (Jean Simmons), a roadside revivalist, he feigns piousness to join Infuriating and erratic, but brilliantly creative, the Canadian-born British artist and writer Wyndham Lewis (1882-1957) was an always, Elman, Ziggy (originally, Finkelman, Harry), Elman, Mischa (actually, Mikhail Saulovich), Elmira Business Institute: Narrative Description, https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/elmer-gantry, Lewis, Sinclair (7 February 1885 - 10 January 1951). Within the sphere of a traveling troupe of bible beating, evangelicals on a religious crusade, the author's hero, one Elmer Gantry (supurbly played by Oscar wining Burt Lancaster) is as energetic as his tales. Lewis is like a ruthless hunter who spares nothing and still has ammunition left at the end of the day. Fired from the Seminary, he is hired as a traveling salesman of farm implements. There During the service one man begins speaking in tongues. 98107. pat hingle elevator accident While there are multiple factors for this, a significant part of this increase is due to the incarceration of formerly released individuals [], On the afternoon of Saturday, June 30, Minneapolis was one of 600 cities and towns across the country to come alive with thousands of people vigorously and collectively denouncing the U.S. governments federal immigration policies as part of the Families Belong Together nationwide march. By what name was Elmer Gantry (1960) officially released in India in English? He relents and the dark fabric of the preachers suit is draped over a body that is full of blind, yet healthy and normal impulses. I'm talkin' about divine love - not carnal love. The Chickasha Daily Express (Chickasha, Okla.), Vol. 57, No. 175, For all that, you also fear for a world in which the influence of modern-day Gantries shows no sign of diminishing. I am not going to tell you that youre sinners, for which of us is not a sinner? Elmer Gantry For Sheldon Norman Grebstein, writing in 1962, the novel has snap, flavor, a strong narrative line, a good deal of authenticity But it is distorted, even too much for satire; it lacks conflict and contrast. In a generally favorable assessment, James Lundquist, in Sinclair Lewis, brings attention to Lewiss mastery of irony, but he also comments on a weakness in the plot, arguing that the final crisis Elmer faces is unconvincing in its details. Shallard is forced to resign. WebC The Imitation Game told the story of this Englishman who designed an early from ENGL 1101 at Georgia State University So scandalous was Lewiss portrayal of religion that the novel was banned in several cities and denounced from Log in here. These blossoming words, these organ-like phrases, these profound notions, had been rammed home till they stuck in his brain, ready for use. He also forms a Committee on Public Morals, persuades the police to make him a temporary lieutenant, and personally leads raids on the red-light districts. Elmer Gantry Book Details Author Bio for Lewis, Sinclair Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) was a noted American writer. After dinner, the drunken Elmer picks a fight with a man who is heckling Eddie Fislinger, a fellow Terwillinger College student, as he preaches to an outdoor crowd. Amoral and relentlessly ambitious, Elmer builds a statewide and national reputation as a fiery preacher who never tires of denouncing vice, while at the same time feeling no need to curb his own vices, particularly adultery. To his understanding of Lewiss art, Jones seems to add firsthand knowledge about wartime religious revivals. To revisit this article, select My Account, then View saved stories. It is the Morning and the Evening Star. Tracing two years in th, Matthew Gregory Lewis Later he was to learn that references to Dickens, Victor Hugo, James Whitcomb Riley, Josh Billings, and Michelangelo give a sermon a very toney Chicago air. Though he does not have quixotic benignity, helpfulness, or idealism, he does have visions of how the ministry can be useful to him; he sees thousands listening to himinvited to banquets and everything , and he dreams of hundreds of beautiful women [who weep] with conviction and rush down to clasp his hand., In addition to his hypocrisy and his ignorance, Elmer is a liar, a sinner, and a coward. But he is caught stealing from the collection and is fired. This is tantamount to an admission that the church is happy to receive money that is tainted by the very practices it denounces so vehemently. Thus Rebecca West could write incisively about the religious and historical perspectives of Elmer Gantry: The passages in the book which present to one what Mr. Lewis regards as the proper attitude to religion are disconcertingly jejune. Miss West goes on to say that like Mark Twain, who in Connecticut Yankee looked at medieval Europe and said, My, werent they dumb? Lewis has no sense of the struggle of the human mind to evolve from chaos to the achievements of his age. D. J. Dooley remarks that to Lewis Christianity is not only untrue, but inconceivable. Dooley feels that Elmer Gantry is flawed because it is neither a realistic portrayal of the state of religion in America nor a caricature whose manifest unfairness can be forgiven because of the wit and humor which have gone into it. True, unless, taking our cue from Sharon Falconer and the multitude of fraudulent evangelistic minor characters in the book, we begin to see Elmer Gantry as Lewiss triumphant depiction of a land of demons and grotesques of all sizes and shapes, created from the extremes of human impulse and incapable of self-awareness because they are already beyond it, Elmer included. Id sell anything.. Grebstein, Sheldon Norman, Sinclair Lewis, Twayne United States Authors Series, No. However, Roberts doubts the truth of the doctrines he preaches so convincingly. She is also a pious churchgoer who has always wanted Elmer to become a preacher. WebElmer turns to Rigg for help, who hires a detective to dig up incriminating evidence against Hettie and her husband. Elmer would probably not be able to answer this question. You're all sinners. New collections from David Bowie, Wilco, Joni Mitchell, Joe Strummer and more He manipulates his way into Sister Sharon Falconer (played brilliantly by the late Jean Simmons who should have won an Oscar for her performance in this role). In Lincoln, he persuades her to let him speak at the meeting about how he, a businessman, was converted. There is no character development, and so Elmer, after his character is first established, does not change during the course of the novel. because Joness Lulu is a silly, air-spun girl. We are all bored by tired old men explaining the Bible through their noses! It looks like we don't have any synopsis for this title yet. He feels little desire to practice what he preaches. Lewis said, flatly enough, that religion in the United States has become stifling; that, like the pioneer economy and the pioneer mentality of which it is a manifestation, it has become a threat instead of a benefit. The couple abandons their campaign against Elmer and leave Gantry is an over-the-top opportunistic traveling salesman who teams up with evangelist Sister Sharon Falconer (Jean Simmons) to promote religion in 1920's America. No! He befriends local reporters in hopes of getting his name in the papers, and eventually he leads a raid on Zeniths red-light district. Frank finds some shame in being a preacher and longs to prove that he is nevertheless a real man. Not only had he been swathed in theology, but all his experience had been in books instead of the speech of toiling men. In his ever lustful sights is a voluptuous female preacher. The film is a triumph for Lancaster and Kennedy and for all those who wish to visit a confusing period of Americanna, when the word of God was infected by preachers, pushers and spiritual leeches. Elmer Gantry has been called the purest Lewis by Schorer. The film isn't just about rural religion in the 1920s, or how media is exploited, or how sometimes clever hucksters can outwit themselves. Especially ironic is the way he champions love, an emotion he seems incapable of, in his sermons, preaches against ambition, when he himself is so patently ambitious, and organizes crusades against (mainly sexual) immorality, when he has difficulty resisting sexual temptation himself. Lewis, C.S. She appears to Elmer as a saint, arms outstretched, stately, slender and tall, passionate. In the following essay excerpt, Light examines quixotic elements in Elmer Gantry. Life opened before him, clean, joyous, full of the superb chances of a Christian knighthood. The novel tells the story of a young, narcissistic, womanizing college athlete who abandons his early ambition to become a lawyer. After her death, he joins the Methodist Church. Elmer Gantry (Burt Lancaster) is a slick traveling salesman who is a boozer and a dog hound. Elmer Gantry was drunk, the novel opens, and Lancaster is terrific as the boozing, womanizing traveling salesman.Gantry is a believer, of a sort. The merit of this argument is undermined because it is given by Babbitt, not out of caring for the citizens of Zenith, but rather because he stands to gain the most financially from the revival. Shallard is then attacked by religious fanatics and blinded. WebBy John Helmer, Moscow @bears_with During the US Army invasion of Morocco and Algeria in 1943, enroute to the invasion of Italy, the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), as the CIA was called then, came up with the donkey turd bomb for destroying the enemy.Since 2014, the CIA has come up with the modern equivalent its called the Ukrainian bomb. And when his hero joins the Methodist Church, Lewis takes full advantage of the opportunity to satirize another sect. Elmer starts his career as a Baptist and then joins up with a charismatic but equally unprincipled female revivalist preacher.